Cataract is clouding of the normally transparent lens of the eye. With the increase in opacity of the lens, the light rays are prevented from focusing on retina, leading to blurring of vision. There are mainly three types of cataract – Nuclear, Cortical and Subcapsular. Various options of cataract surgery are routine extracapsular surgery with lens implant, phacoemulsification with a foldable or non-foldable lens implant, with or without stitches. Cataract surgery is also sometimes beneficial for diabetes, glaucoma and macular degeneration.

Duration
Patients undergoing cataract surgery can return to normal activities after the surgery.

Diabetic retinopathy is a condition in which high blood sugar causes retinal blood vessels to swell and leak blood. It can be Non-Proliferative or Proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Laser photocoagulation can be conducted to seal leaking blood vessels and destroy new blood vessel growth. If blood gets into the vitreous humor, vitrectomy procedure can be conducted.

Duration
Vitrectomy may require an overnight hospital stay, but it may sometimes be done as outpatient surgery. The surgery lasts two to three hours.

Glaucoma is the increased pressure inside the eye (intraocular pressure), which means that the eye has too much aqueous humor in it. Laser treatment is recommended in certain selected cases of Glaucoma to create an alternative pathway for the drainage of the fluid. After laser, few patients also need to use medications to keep the pressure under control.

The surgery increases the drainage of the fluid. Cryopexy or Cycloablation are used in uncontrolled cases, and involve partial or total destruction of the tissues that produce the fluid in the eye.

LASIK (Laser In-Situ Keratomileusis) is a surgical approach used to correct vision in people who are nearsighted, farsighted, or have astigmatism. All laser vision correction surgeries work by reshaping the cornea, or clear front part of the eye, so that light traveling through it is properly focused onto the retina located in the back of the eye. LASIK laser eye surgery (laser in-situ keratomileusis) is one of a number of different surgical techniques used to reshape the cornea.

Duration
LASIK laser eye surgery is performed while the patient is under a local anesthesia and usually takes about 10 minutes to complete.

Macular degeneration is a condition in which the eye's macula breaks down, causing a gradual or sudden loss of central vision. Macular degeneration is a condition that may begin to develop as one ages, but usually does not manifest itself until later in life; hence the name “Age related Macular Degeneration (AMD)”. AMD is either dry AMD or wet AMD.

Antioxidants and Multivitamin capsules help in preventing or decreasing the speed of progression of the disease. In wet AMD, additional methods of treatment are required to arrest or at least retard the progression of the disease. Various treatments available are Conventional Laser, Photo Dynamic Therapy (PDT) and Transpupillary Thermo Therapy (TTT).

Squint is the misalignment of the eyes. The aims of treatment of squint in order of importance are: a) to preserve or restore vision; b) straighten the eyes and c) restore binocular vision. Various types of treatment available depend on the patient’s condition. Patients are either treated for any significant refractive error or the eyes are checked for presence of amblyopia. The squint is treated by the surgery of either one or both the eyes. The surgery involves weakening or strengthening of the relevant muscles to restore the balance and to get a good coordination.